First, it looks like you have an older copy of Lightroom. The current version appears to support what you want (as I mentioned).
You don’t have to think about what you’ve done to an image. You do need to think about what you want to accomplish by pasting the copied settings into a set of images.
If you intend to create a consistent set of images, then you’ll usually want to copy everything except geometry, cropping and local adjustments. This is the default for the LR dialog, so there’s little to ponder. It doesn’t matter if you just changed the exposure or altered a number of other settings—if your the end goal is to make the images consistent, this is what the default LR setting does.
If the images vary in some way where perhaps the only reasonable thing to copy is the exposure adjustment, then you turn off everything and select just the exposure. It doesn’t matter what changes you made to the source image; you have evaluated the destination images and decided that they should only receive the exposure setting from the source. The destination images and your goals drive the selection.
You gave an artificial example, one without context. Perhaps you could provide an example in the context of a particular set of images and what you are trying to achieve with the copy. I suspect in any real-world example you could come up with, the answer will either be “use the LR default” or “there is no way around having to think about what you want to enable in the Copy dialog” (i.e. there is no way for LR or PL2 to automatically generate what you want).
Ayoul suggested that the default for the copy dialog should be to enable settings that differ from a “base rendition”. PL2 has no concept of a “base rendition” (other than, perhaps, the “No Adjustments” preset). Images receive a default preset, which can be set to any preset at all and can be changed at any time.
Let’s look at two scenarios: 1) the default copy setting is to copy everything that differs from the default preset and 2) the default copy setting is to copy everything that differs from “No Adjustments”—i.e. anything enabled.
Option 1 gets into trouble if I change the default preset in the preferences after I’ve processed a set of images. To get around this, PL2 could remember, for every image, what default preset was applied when it was first processed. Even if it did that, Option 1 has an implicit assumption that both source and destination images have the same “base rendition”. Since they may have been processed with different default presets, this assumption is incorrect.
Even if there were a base rendition and we could just copy the things that differed from the base, we still generally do not want to copy geometry, cropping or local adjustments. For the rest, there is zero difference between copying the differing settings and copying all of them—for the ones that don’t differ, copying and skipping makes zero difference.
Option 2 is not very useful when one approaches the copying task as a matter of creating a consistent look for some aspect of a set of images. For example, the DxO Standard preset is the factory default preset and it enables DxO Lighting. If I turn off DxO Lighting in my source image and I want to make all the destination images consistent in appearance, I want to copy the disabled DxO Lighting setting. I don’t want to skip it.
However, if PL2 wanted to keep everyone happy, it could provide a dialog similar to the LR one (the most recent LR CC version) with a drop-down to select: All, All except Geometry and Local Adjustment, All Enabled, and None. If they really wanted to go crazy, the could also allow defining presets, but that would add a lot of work. The four options I listed should be pretty easy to implement and cover close to 100% of all real-world use cases.