How do I move folders around without getting "lost" images?

Folder structures don’t matter that much, if your application(s) can maintain a healthy catalog and provide useful features for finding images with keywords or other metadata.

Lightroom Classic does a pretty good job (although not perfect) with that while PhotoLab has the issues mentioned in more than this thread.

I advise you don’t set up a structure that contains folders with several thousands of files, DPL can get reaaalllllyyyyyyyy slow under such conditions. While you could do this in Lightroom, you’ll probably find that you need finer granularity to work around PhotoLab’s properties, quirks, shortcomings, issues and whatnot.

If possible, test your intended structure by creating the yearly folders on an external SSD and copy the respective files into those folders. Then check out how DPL handles the load.

On my Mac, I’ve moved my photo structure to a separate volume on the internal SSD.

Keeping volumes separate has a few advantages, but that’s beyond the topic here.